Género, derechos y las políticas sociales de principio de siglo en Chile.


Imagen: Cartel ganador del concurso "Afiches Profilácticos" de la Caja del Seguro Obligatorio en la región de Tarapacá, 1937. Obtenida de http://www.memoriachilena.cl


Rosemblatt, Karin Alejandra
“Charity, Rights and Entitlement: Gender, Labor, and Welfare in Early-Twentieth-Century Chile”
HAHR, 81-3-4 2001, Duke University Press. pp. 555- 585

Rosemblatt analiza el caso de la Caja de Seguro Obrero para ilustrar como los gobiernos del Frente Popular, al ampliar los beneficios y derechos de los trabajadores, lo hizo profundizando la noción de que las mujeres, su trabajo y su capacidad de mobilización son secundarios, y de que los trabajadores asalariados hombres son la espina dorsal del desarrollo y modernización del país. Así, se van estableciendo una serie de jerarquías entre el trabajador-hombre —glorificado y construido como merecedor de derechos— y los sujetos no-productivos, dependientes del trabajador; incluyendo los trabajadores no asalariados, las mujeres y los indigentes, que deben ser sujetos de caridad y no de derechos. Los derechos aparecen entonces ligados a la contribución económica al país y el trabajo femenino doméstico se percibe como no-productivo, campo de responsabilidad individual y no del Estado. Asociación entre masculinidad, capitalismo (trabajo industrial/asalariado) y progreso; por su parte, las mujeres y los campesinos son vistos como lo tradicional, lo retrógrado. Implícita y explícitamente, el discurso moral del Frente Popular es de que el lugar de las mujeres es el ámbito privado/doméstico, y que gana su valor social como madre y esposa del trabajador. El desarrollo económico del país se asocia también a la higiene social, educación y disciplinamiento moral de las masas.

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